风景构图·油画棒课程

原文链接：https://createartwithme.com/landscape-compositions-pastel-lesson/

日期： 2020-03-11
作者： Michelle East
分类： 美术课程、干性油画棒课程、美术元素课程、高中美术、初中美术、美术原理课程
标签： 美术课、对角线构图、高中美术课、L形构图、风景美术课、风景构图、引导线、初中美术课、油画棒风景画、油画棒课程、三分法风景构图、S形构图、三角形构图、营造空间感的方法

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风景构图的类型

本课由 Michelle C. East 编写 © 2020
参考资料：《艺术对话》第289–292页；Ian Roberts 著《掌握构图》(https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1581809247/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=crarwime-20&linkId=c81768536fe03d793466005615cf0169&language=en_US)；Margot Schulzke 著《画家的设计与构图指南》(https://amzn.to/32V11Qc)

http://keenewilson.com/page/1349/composition

http://erickimphotography.com/blog/2013/10/10/street-photography-composition-lesson-3-diagonals/

教学目标：

• 定义视觉艺术中的“构图”
• 学习美术原理之一——“强调”（即焦点），并观察其在视觉艺术中的应用；识别在二维作品中营造强调效果的六种方法。
• 定义“裁切”，理解有选择地裁切图像对引导观众聚焦于焦点的重要性。
• 识别六种构图结构，将其作为安排画面构图的骨架（armature）。

教学实施：

什么是构图？

1. 定义： 构图指作品的整体组织方式，即艺术家如何有意识地运用美术元素与美术原理来创作作品。
2. 意义： 画面中物体的摆放并非随意之举，而是经过深思熟虑的决策结果。作为艺术家，你的职责是引导观众进入画面，并在其间游走；你必须有意识地运用美术元素与美术原理，以确立焦点、营造氛围，并提供方向性提示，帮助观众解读你的画面。

营造强调效果的方法：

1. 什么是强调： 《北光艺术术语词典》将“焦点”定义为画面中引人注目的中心区域。
2. 营造强调的六种方法： 位置（三分法）、对比色、对比大小、对比形状、对比肌理，以及孤立（隔离）。
3. 裁切： 可将裁切理解为剪除图像中不必要或不理想的局部，以帮助观众聚焦于关键信息，甚至辅助叙事。

什么是风景画？

1. 风景画是对自然景色的表现，如山峦、山谷、树木、河流与森林等，尤以展现广阔视野为主要特征。
2. 在风景画中营造三维空间感的六种方法： 重叠、大小、位置、色彩、明度与细节。
3. 重叠： 位于最前方、未被任何物体遮挡的物体会显得最近；而被多个其他物体遮挡的物体则显得更靠后（处于背景中）。
4. 大小： 前景中的物体（离观者最近）看起来更大；较大的物体在视觉上会向观者“靠近”。物体实际距离越远，视觉上就越小；较小的物体在视觉上则“后退”。
5. 位置： 位于画面底部的物体会显得“向前突出”；位于画面顶部的物体则显得“向后退缩”（在视觉空间中向后延伸）。
6. 色彩： 暖色向前推进，冷色向后退缩；明亮的色彩向前推进，灰暗的色彩向后退缩。
7. 明度： 物体离观者越近，明度对比通常越强；越向远处退缩，明度对比则越弱。
8. 细节： 前景物体可见细节更多（更清晰锐利），而远景物体细节则较少；背景往往略显虚化，细节趋于模糊。

风景构图的类型

构图结构： 是一种安排画面中各元素的方法。可将结构比作动物或人体的骨骼——它是支撑整体形态的“骨架”。描述该结构的另一术语是“骨架”（armature）。构图结构种类繁多（远不止以下六种），但本课将集中学习这六种。

1. 三分法： 将纸面或画布在水平与垂直方向均三等分，四条分界线相交形成四个交点；焦点置于其中任一交点处。
2. 三角形构图： 主要物体大致排列成三角形或金字塔形，其底边落于一条水平线上。文艺复兴时期，这种几何形式极为流行，常见于圣母子题材绘画中。
3. L形构图： 主要物体、主体或垂直体量明显偏向画面一侧，底部则有一条水平基线，共同构成“L”形。此类构图通常不仅包含单一物体，而是由多个元素组合而成，共同强化“L”形结构。焦点可以是侧边的主垂直物体，也可以是“L”形所围出的开放空间。由于该构图具有强烈的垂直线与水平线，因而能营造出宁静平和之感。
4. S形构图： 在此设计中，道路、小径或水体形成蜿蜒曲折的线条，呈“S”形，从画面边缘（优选自底部开口处）引入，延伸至画面中部及背景。可利用S形线条将观众视线导向构图焦点。该构图流畅优雅。
5. 引导线： 物体、明度关系及线条（真实或隐含）汇聚指向焦点所在位置。通常画面中明显呈现一点透视。
6. 对角线构图： 风景中的主要元素沿一条强劲的对角线组织，该对角线从一个角落延伸至对角的另一个角落；由此主对角线出发，常以90度角向外延伸出指向其余两角的线条（图中红线所示）。焦点位于这些相交线条的交汇处。

其他优质资源：

http://erickimphotography.com/blog/2013/10/10/street-photography-composition-lesson-3-diagonals/
http://muddycolors.blogspot.com/2013/12/a-baroque-composition.html

活动 #1：速写本作业——构图类型速写：

用铅笔和直尺将速写本一页划分为6个区域。在每个区域顶部标上以下标题：三分法、三角形、引导线、L形、S形、对角线。 在每个区域内绘制一幅草图，展示该构图方式的实际运用。
（不加明暗）媒介： 绘画铅笔

活动 #2：粉彩技法练习表：

教案与练习表PDF涵盖以下内容：

• 完整教案（含练习表使用说明）（教案与练习表PDF）
• 两种基本运笔方式
• 混合粉彩以创造新颜色
• 单色明度阶调表
• 制作浅色调与深色调
• 含浅色调与深色调的明度阶调表
• 两种颜色的融合或渐变过渡
• 点绘法
• 搽擦法（Scumbling）
• 晕染法（Feathering）
• 撒粉法（Dusting）
• 遮盖法（Masking）
• 运用互补色改变某颜色的纯度（强度）
• 对不同形体进行明暗/排线处理
• 包含一张在有色纸上的范例练习表

干粉彩教案与练习表2015年干粉彩技法教案与练习表

活动 #3：风景构图创作项目

材料： 干粉彩、斯特拉特莫粉彩纸18×24英寸画纸本（将纸裁为两半）、化妆棉签、Krylon K01306 可再加工定画喷雾（透明）

项目目标：

创作一幅原创风景画，构图须采用我们所学六种构图方式之一。使用干粉彩完成全明暗/排线表现（完整明度范围）。运用以下六种方式营造三维空间错觉：重叠、大小、位置、色彩、明度、细节。

指导步骤

1. 选取一张无版权问题的照片作为参考。在谷歌图片搜索中，于“工具”栏内务必选择“允许再利用”。
2. 从我们所学六种构图方式中任选一种来裁剪并设计你的构图：三分法、三角形、L形、S形、引导线、对角线。
3. 画纸尺寸为12×18英寸——即长宽比为2:3的横向矩形。请将参考图裁剪为该比例。
4. 选择你喜爱的粉彩纸颜色。
5. 用轻淡线条将构图轻轻起稿于粉彩纸上。
6. 从背景开始，用干粉彩逐步塑造画面；继而刻画中景，最后完成前景。
7. 可通过揉擦与叠涂混合颜色。也可使用化妆棉签辅助小面积揉擦（注意避免过度擦掉粉彩）。
8. 待作品经我确认已完成，需在画面上均匀喷涂三遍Krylon定画液。*喷涂时请保持喷罐距画面表面12英寸。

学生作品

(更多作品即将上线)

Chase Bouloy

Kaylee

Aaron

Alysta

Kate

Lyla

Christina

Allan

Mary

Hannah

Carl

Tony

Colin

Genevieve

Nick

Joanna

Carolina

Lizzy

Max

Jonovan

Tyler

*亚马逊联盟链接——我仅推荐自己实际使用且喜爱的产品！

如您选用本博客任何部分（图像、照片或文字），请务必注明出处并链接回“Create Art with ME!”

Landscape Compositions Pastel Lesson

Original: https://createartwithme.com/landscape-compositions-pastel-lesson/

Date: 2020-03-11 Author: Michelle East Categories: Art Lessons, Dry Pastel Lessons, Elements of Art Lessons, HS Art, MS Art, Principles of Art Lessons Tags: art lesson, diagonal composition, high school art lesson, L composition, landscape art lesson, landscape compositions, Leading Lines, middle school art lesson, pastel landscape, pastel lesson, rule of thirds landscape, s composition, triangle composition, ways to create depth

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Types of LANDSCAPE Composition Structures

Lesson Written by Michelle C. East © 2020
Resources: Art Talk p 289-292, “Mastering Composition” by Ian Roberts & “A Painter’s guide to Design & Composition” by Margot Schulzke,
http://keenewilson.com/page/1349/composition
http://erickimphotography.com/blog/2013/10/10/street-photography-composition-lesson-3-diagonals/

Objectives:

• Define composition in the visual arts
• Learn about the principle of art called emphasis (focal point) and observe how it is applied to visual arts. Identify six ways to create emphasis in a 2D piece of art.
• Define is cropping and understand the importance of selective cropping to help the viewer to focus on the focal point.
• Identify six composition structures as armatures for arranging a composition.

Delivery:

What is composition

1. What: Composition refers to how the artwork is put together. It is how the artist INTENTIONALLY used the elements and principles of art to create the artwork.
2. Why: The placement of objects within the picture plane is not an arbitrary act, but is the result of calculated decisions. It is your job as the artist to lead the viewer into and around your composition. You must use the elements and principles of art intentionally to create your focal point, create mood, and give directional cues that will help the viewer navigate your picture.

Ways to Create Emphasis:

1. What is emphasis: The North Light Dictionary of art terms defines focal point as the center of interest in a picture.
2. 6 Ways to create emphasis: Placement (Rule of Thirds), Contrasting color, Contrasting size, Contrasting shape, Contrasting texture, & Isolation
3. Cropping: Think of cropping as the act of cutting away unnecessary or unwanted portions of an image to help focus the viewer’s attention and even help tell a story.

What is a Landscape?

1. Landscape art is the depiction natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests, especially where the main subject is a wide view.
2. The 6 ways of creating the illusion of 3D space in a landscape art piece: Overlapping, Size, Location, Color, Value, & Detail.
3. Overlapping: Objects placed in the very front  with nothing overlapping them appear to be the closest. Objects placed behind several other objects appear to be further in the background.
4. Size: Objects in the foreground (closest to us) appear larger. Larger objects visually come toward us. As objects are physically further away, they become visually smaller. Smaller objects visually recede.
5. Location: Objects placed at the bottom of the picture plane come Forward. Objects placed at the top of the picture plane recede (visually go back in space).
6. Color: Warm colors come forward, cool colors recede. Brighter colors come forward, dull colors recede
7. VALUE: There is usually more value contrast the closer objects are to you and there is less as they recede.
8. Detail: Objects in the foreground have more visible details (sharper) than objects in the far background. Backgrounds tend to be slightly out of focus & details blur.

Types of Landscape Compositions

Composition Structures: a method of arranging the elements in a composition. Think of the structure like a skeleton in an animal or person. It is the bone that the shape of the animal is built on. Another word to describe the structure is armature. There are many types of structures (more than the 6 listed here), but these are the ones we will focus on.

1. Rule of Thirds: Paper or canvas is divided into thirds both horizontally & vertically. The lines intersect at four points. The center of interest is placed at one of the points.
2. Triangle: The main objects are arranged roughly in a triangle or pyramid with its base resting on a horizontal line. In the Renaissance, this geometric form was very popular and used in virgin and child paintings.
3. L-Shape: The main objects, subject, or vertical mass lays heavily on one side and the bottom has a horizontal base forming the “L” composition. The composition generally is not only of one object but of many together that form the strong “L” shape. The focal point can the main vertical object on the side, or it can be in the open space created by the “L”. Because of the strong vertical and horizontal lines of this type of composition it creates a sense of peace and tranquility.
4. S-Shape: In this design, a road, path, or body of water create a wiggly-winding line forming an “S” like shape that leads in from an edge of the piece (preferably with opening of the toward the bottom) into the middle & backgrounds. Use the S-shape to direct attention to the focus of the composition. The composition is fluid and graceful. 
5. Leading Lines: Objects, values, and lines (real or implied) lead to your focal point at the end of the lines. Usually, one point perspective is visually evident.
6. Diagonal: The major elements in the landscape are organized on a strong diagonal line extending from one corner to the opposite diagonal corner.  From that, extending out, often at 90 degrees from that main diagonal, were lines to the other corners (red lines). The focal point is where the intersecting lines meet.
   

Other Good resources:

http://erickimphotography.com/blog/2013/10/10/street-photography-composition-lesson-3-diagonals/
http://muddycolors.blogspot.com/2013/12/a-baroque-composition.html

Activity #1: Sketchbook Assignment-Types of Composition Sketches:

Divide your sketchbook page into 6 sections with a pencil and ruler. Label the top of each section with these titles: Rule of Thirds, Triangle, Leading Lines, L-Shape, S-Shape, & Diagonal. In each section sketch out a drawing that illustrates the use of that composition structure.
(no shading) Medium: drawing pencils

Activity #2: Pastel Techniques Worksheets:

The Lesson Plan & Worksheet PDF covers:

• Full Lesson Plan with instructions for worksheet (Lesson Plan & Worksheet PDF)
• 2 Basic Types of Strokes
• Mixing Pastels to create new colors
• Value Scale with single color
• Creating Tints & Shades
• Value Scale with Tints & Shades
• Blending or Gradation of 2 colors
• Stippling
• Scumbling
• Feathering
• Dusting
• Masking
• Changing the Intensity of a color using its complement
• Shading various forms
• Includes example worksheet on toned paper

Dry Pastels Lesson Plan & WorksheetDry Pastel Techniques Lesson Plan & Worksheet 2015

Activity #3: Landscape Composition Project

Supplies: Dry Pastels, Strathmore Pastel Paper 18×24″ Pad (cut paper in half), make-up q-tips, Krylon K01306 Workable Fixatif Spray Clear

Project Objective:

Create an original landscape art piece structured using one of the 6 types of composition we learned. Use dry pastels to render the artwork with FULL shading (complete range of values). Use the 6 ways of creating the illusion of 3D space: Overlapping, Size, Location, Color, Value, and Detail.

Instructions

1. Choose a copyright-free photo reference to work from. In a Google Image search, in the “tools” section, make sure to select “LABELED FOR RE-USE”.
2. Use one of the 6 types of composition we learned to crop and design you composition: Rule of Thirds, Triangle, L-Shape, S-Shape, Leading Lines, & Diagonal.
3. The paper is 12×18- a long rectangle 2:3 ratio. Crop you image to fit this ratio.
4. Choose your color of pastel paper.
5. LIGHTLY draw your composition on to the pastel paper.
6. Starting with the background, begin rendering with the dry pastels. Then move to middle ground and finish with foreground.
7. Colors can be mixed together through blending and layering. You can also use make-up q-tips to help blend small area (be careful not to lift off too much pastel).
8. When you have my approval that it is finished, spray 3 even coats of Krylon fixative over the drawing. *Remember to hold the spray from 12” from the surface.

Student Artwork

(more coming soon)

Chase Bouloy

Kaylee

Aaron

Alysta

Kate

Lyla

Christina

Allan

Mary

Hannah

Carl

Tony

Colin

Genevieve

Nick

Joanna

Carolina

Lizzy

Max

Jonovan

Tyler

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If you choose to use ANY part of this blog (graphic, pictures or written text), please link back to Create Art with ME!