平衡类型美术课

原文链接：https://createartwithme.com/types-balance/

日期： 2015-09-24
作者： 米歇尔·伊斯特（Michelle East）
分类： 美术课、平衡美术课、拼贴课、高中美术、初中美术、美术原理课
标签： 不对称、平衡定义、平衡释义、美术中的平衡、设计原理中的平衡、平衡速写本活动、平衡速写本作业、视觉重量、中轴线、美术元素对平衡的影响、非正式平衡、放射状平衡、对称平衡、平衡类型、平衡类型美术课、视觉平衡、视觉重量、各元素的重量属性

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教学目标： 学生将学习美术原理之一——平衡，及其在艺术创作中的运用；能辨识、比较并区分三种主要的平衡类型，并能在具体美术作品中识别出每种类型。

教学过程：

1. 美术中的平衡，指构图中视觉重量的均衡分布。该构图中所有元素（线条、形状、色彩等）看起来稳定，或具有平衡感（例如画面一侧并不比另一侧显得更“重”）。
2. 平衡是设计原理之一。理解并运用各类平衡方法，是构建良好构图的重要环节。在二维美术中，平衡体现为艺术家如何通过对象或元素在画面平面上的安排与布局来构建构图——其目的或是营造均衡感，亦可有意制造失衡效果，以传达特定信息。
3. 中轴线是一条假想线，可垂直或水平地将构图均分为两半。位于中轴线两侧的对象，既可完全重复（对称、放射状），也可不等量呈现但保持相等的视觉重量（不对称）。
4. 艺术家可通过不同方式运用平衡，在构图中营造趣味性。始终融合其他设计原理（如强调、和谐、变化、节奏等），是成就成功构图的关键。
5. 平衡主要有三种类型：
6. 对称平衡（又称形式平衡）：中轴线两侧的元素（线条、形状、色彩等）完全相同或近乎相同（最易实现，通常给人平静、稳定之感）；
7. 不对称平衡（又称非正式平衡）：中轴线两侧的元素并不相同，但整体仍具稳定感（较难实现，但视觉上更富趣味）；
8. 放射状平衡：所有元素从一个中心点向外辐射；元素沿中轴线在垂直与水平方向上均匀重复（通常以圆形为单位，重复四次或以上）。

对称平衡（三角形）

不对称平衡

放射状平衡

美术元素对平衡的影响

美术元素如何影响视觉平衡？ 在构建构图时，务必牢记各美术元素所具有的重量属性，及其对视觉平衡中“重量”的影响。

1. 色彩：
2. 浅色在视觉上比深色更“轻”；黑与白构成最强对比——黑色是最重的颜色，白色是最轻的颜色；
3. 鲜艳色彩在视觉上比灰暗色彩更“重”；
4. 暖色（黄、橙、红）在视觉上使区域显得扩张，而冷色（蓝、绿、紫）则倾向于使区域显得收缩；
5. 透明区域在视觉上比不透明区域更“轻”。
6. 形状： 形状大小对平衡至关重要……
7. 单个来看，小形状较“轻”，大形状较“重”；
8. 小形状紧邻大形状时，其视觉重量小于大形状；
9. 若将若干小形状组合在一起，其总视觉重量可等同于一个大形状；
10. 复杂几何形（如六边形、梯形等）比简单几何形（如圆形、正方形等）更“重”。
11. 线条： 细而轻的线条较“轻”，粗而粗糙的线条较“重”；
12. 肌理： 明亮平滑的肌理比深暗锯齿状（图案丰富）的肌理更“轻”；
13. 明度： 在明度阶调中，较亮的明度比较暗的明度更“轻”。

其他影响平衡重量的因素还包括： 元素在画面平面上的位置、相邻色彩的对比关系、以及线条的方向。

第一课活动：平衡速写本作业

在你的速写本中，绘制三个正方形或圆形。使用形状模板与直尺，分别创作非具象设计，用以表现三种平衡类型（对称、不对称、放射状）。全部设计须置于同一页内。标注类型，并用彩铅或记号笔上色。

操作步骤：

1. 翻至速写本下一张空白页；
2. 在页面顶部标题为“平衡类型”；
3. 绘制三个大框（正方形最适合表现放射状与对称平衡）；
4. 使用形状模板，分别设计体现三种平衡类型的图案；
5. 在每幅设计旁标注对应的平衡类型；
6. 使用马克笔、记号笔或彩铅为设计上色。

接下来： 平衡类型剪纸拼贴项目

关于平衡的更多资源：

http://nwrain.net/~tersiisky/design/balance.html

http://daphne.palomar.edu/design/bsymm.html

本教案由米歇尔·C·伊斯特（Michelle C. East）撰写，版权所有 © 2015。若您选择使用本教案的文字内容或图片，请务必回链至原文页面：Create Art with ME。

Types of Balance Art Lesson

Original: https://createartwithme.com/types-balance/

Date: 2015-09-24 Author: Michelle East Categories: Art Lessons, Balance Art Lessons, Collage Lessons, HS Art, MS Art, Principles of Art Lessons Tags: Asymmetrical, balance defined, balance definition, Balance In Art, Balance principles of design, Balance Sketchbook Activity, Balance Sketchbook Assignment, balance weight, Central Axis Line, Elements of Art Influence on Balance, Informal Balance, radial balance, Symmetrical Balance, Types of Balance, Types of Balance Art Lesson, visual balance, visual weight, weight attributes of each element

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Objective: Students will learn about the principle of art called balance and how it can be used in an artwork. They will identify, compare & contrast the three main types of balance and be able to recognize each type in a piece of art.

Delivery:

1. Balance in art is defined as the equal distribution of visual weight in a composition. All the elements (line, shape, color, etc) in that composition look stable or have a feeling of balance (like one side is not heavier than the other).
2. Balance is one of the principles of design. Understanding and applying knowledge of balance methods are  important parts of creating a good composition. In 2D art, balance refers to how an artist develops a composition through the arrangement or placement of objects or elements on the picture plane. The artist places the elements or objects in a such way to create either a sense of equilibrium. He may intentionally create an unbalanced piece to send a certain message as well.
3. A Central Axis Line is an imaginary line that divides the composition in half either vertically or horizontally. Objects placed on either side of the axis line can either be repeated exactly the same (Symmetry, Radial) or unequally but with equal visual weight (Asymmetrical). 
4. The artist can create interest in a composition depending on how they choose to use balance. Remembering always to incorporate or include the other principles of design (Emphasis, Harmony, Variety, Rhythm, etc) is the key to a successful composition.
5. There are 3 main types balance:
6. Symmetrical or Formal Balance: the elements (line, shape, color, etc.) are identical or almost identical on both sides of the axis (easiest balance to achieve and generally feels calmer and more stable)
7. Asymmetrical or Informal Balance: the elements are not identical on either side of the axis line, yet the overall feeling is still stable (harder to achieve, but visually more interesting)
8. Radial Balance: the elements radiate out from a central point. Elements are repeated evenly both vertically and horizontally from the axis lines (generally a design is repeated in circle 4+ times)

Symmetrical Balance (Triangle)

Asymmetrical Balance

Radial Balance

Elements of Art Influence on Balance

How do some of the elements of art effect visual balance? When developing your composition, it is VERY important to remember the weight attributes of each element and how they influence weight in visual balance.

1. Color:
2. Light colors appear lighter in weight than dark colors. Black and white are the strongest contrast you can have-Black is the heaviest color & white is the lightest color.
3. Bright colors are visually heavier than dull colors.
4. Warm colors (Yellow, Orange, Red) visually expand an area in size, whereas cool colors (Blue, Green Purple) tend to contract an area.
5. Transparent areas visually weigh less than opaque areas.
6. Shape: Shape size is VERY important to balance…
7. Individually-small shapes are light, larger shapes are heavier.
8. A small shape next to a large shape will weigh less than the larger shape.
9. Grouping a few small shapes together can have equal weight with one larger shape.
10. Complex geometric shapes (hexagons, trapezoids, etc) weigh more than simple geometric shapes (circle, square, etc)
11. Line: Light thin lines are lighter, rough thick lines are heavier
12. Texture: light smooth textures weigh less than dark jagged (lots of pattern) textures
13. Value: lighter values weigh less than darker values on the value scale

Other things that effect balance weight are: location on the picture plane, contrasting colors together, & line direction

DAY 1 ACTIVITY: Balance Sketchbook Assignment:

In your sketchbook, draw 3 squares or circles. Use shape templates & rulers to create non-objective design examples of each type of balance (symmetrical, asymmetrical, & radial). Fit ALL on one page. Label & color them with colored pencils or markers.

Instructions:

1. Open the next clean page in your sketchbook.
2. Title the Page “Types of Balance” at the top.
3. Draw 3 Large Boxes (Squares work best for Radial & Symmetrical Balance).
4. Use Shape templates to create designs that illustrate each type of balance
5. LABEL each design with the correct type of balance.
6. Color your design using sharpies, markers or colored pencils.

Next: Types of Balance Cut-Paper Collage Project

More Resources on Balance:

http://nwrain.net/~tersiisky/design/balance.html

http://daphne.palomar.edu/design/bsymm.html

Lesson plan written by Michelle C. East, copyright 2015. If you choose to use any of this lesson either written or photos, please link back to this post at Create Art with ME.